:root{
  --ink:#1b2430;
  --text:#3d4654;
  --muted:#6b7483;
  --line:#e6e9ef;
  --blue:#1f55c8;
  --violet:#7c3aed;
  --teal:#0e9f9a;
  --grad:linear-gradient(115deg,#0f2b4c 0%,#1f55c8 38%,#7c3aed 70%,#0e9f9a 100%);
  --grad-soft:linear-gradient(115deg,rgba(31,85,200,.08),rgba(124,58,237,.08) 55%,rgba(14,159,154,.08));
  font-family:"Noto Sans","Noto Sans TC",system-ui,-apple-system,"Segoe UI",sans-serif;
  color:var(--text);
  background:#fff;
  font-size:16px;
  font-synthesis:none;
}
*{box-sizing:border-box}
html{scroll-behavior:smooth}
body{margin:0;background:#fff}
a{color:var(--blue);text-decoration:none}
a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
button{font:inherit;cursor:pointer}
img,video{display:block;max-width:100%;height:auto}
figure,h1,h2,h3,p{margin:0}
[hidden]{display:none!important}
.shell{width:min(1080px,calc(100% - 48px));margin-inline:auto}
.narrow{width:min(860px,calc(100% - 48px));margin-inline:auto}
.skip{position:absolute;top:8px;left:-9999px;background:#fff;padding:10px;z-index:20}
.skip:focus{left:10px}

/* language toggle */
.lang-toggle{
  position:fixed;top:16px;right:18px;z-index:10;
  border:1px solid var(--line);background:rgba(255,255,255,.88);backdrop-filter:blur(8px);
  color:var(--ink);font-size:13px;font-weight:600;padding:7px 14px;border-radius:999px;
  box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(20,30,50,.08)
}
.lang-toggle:hover{border-color:#b9c3d6}

/* ---------------- hero ---------------- */
.hero{position:relative;overflow:hidden;text-align:center;padding:72px 0 30px;isolation:isolate}
.hero-glow{
  position:absolute;left:-10%;right:-10%;top:-260px;height:1000px;z-index:-1;pointer-events:none;
  background:
    radial-gradient(38% 45% at 22% 30%,rgba(31,85,200,.13),transparent 70%),
    radial-gradient(34% 40% at 78% 24%,rgba(124,58,237,.12),transparent 70%),
    radial-gradient(30% 36% at 55% 62%,rgba(14,159,154,.10),transparent 70%)
}
h1{margin:0 auto;max-width:960px;font-family:"Space Grotesk","Noto Sans TC",sans-serif;color:var(--ink);line-height:1.12}
.title-name{
  display:block;font-size:clamp(64px,10vw,112px);font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.03em;
  background:var(--grad);-webkit-background-clip:text;background-clip:text;color:transparent;
  padding-bottom:4px
}
.title-sub{display:block;max-width:980px;margin:22px auto 0;font-family:"Noto Sans","Noto Sans TC",sans-serif;font-size:clamp(19px,2.1vw,26px);font-weight:500;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:-.01em;color:#3a4556;text-wrap:balance}
.nowrap{white-space:nowrap}
.venue{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px 12px;margin-top:30px}
.venue-badge{
  font-family:"Space Grotesk",sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:17px;letter-spacing:.04em;color:#fff;
  background:var(--grad);padding:8px 20px;border-radius:999px;box-shadow:0 8px 22px rgba(31,85,200,.25)
}
.award{
  font-size:14px;font-weight:600;color:#8a5a0c;background:#fff7e6;border:1px solid #f0d9a8;
  padding:7px 14px;border-radius:999px
}
.authors{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;gap:6px 22px;margin-top:26px;font-size:18px;color:var(--ink)}
.authors>span{white-space:nowrap}
.authors a{color:var(--blue)}
.authors sup{font-size:.62em;margin-left:2px}
.affiliations{display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 22px;margin-top:10px;font-size:15px;color:var(--muted)}
.affiliations sup{font-size:.62em;margin-right:3px}
.resource-links{display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin:32px 0 44px}
.resource{
  display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;min-height:42px;padding:9px 20px;border-radius:999px;
  background:#1f2530;color:#fff;font-size:15px;font-weight:500;
  transition:transform .15s ease,box-shadow .15s ease,background .15s ease
}
.resource svg{width:18px;height:18px;fill:currentColor}
.resource:hover{text-decoration:none;background:var(--grad);transform:translateY(-1px);box-shadow:0 8px 20px rgba(31,85,200,.28)}

.teaser-video{max-width:960px;margin:0 auto}
.yt-frame{
  position:relative;aspect-ratio:16/9;border-radius:16px;overflow:hidden;background:#0f1722;
  box-shadow:0 0 0 1px rgba(20,30,50,.06),0 28px 60px rgba(20,40,80,.18)
}
.yt-frame iframe{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0}
.tldr{max-width:860px;margin:30px auto 0;text-wrap:balance;font-size:19px;line-height:1.7;color:#2c3440;font-weight:500}
.highlights{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:14px;max-width:860px;margin:26px auto 0}
.highlights>div{padding:18px 12px;border-radius:14px;background:var(--grad-soft);border:1px solid #e3e7f3}
.highlights strong{
  display:block;font-family:"Space Grotesk",sans-serif;font-size:40px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.1;letter-spacing:-.03em;
  background:var(--grad);-webkit-background-clip:text;background-clip:text;color:transparent
}
.highlights small{font-size:.5em;letter-spacing:0}
.highlights .count{font-weight:inherit}
.highlights span{display:block;margin-top:4px;font-size:14px;color:var(--muted)}
.highlight-note{margin-top:10px;font-size:13px;color:var(--muted)}
.highlights .delta{display:inline-block;margin-top:8px;padding:2px 9px;border-radius:999px;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-weight:600;color:#0b7f7b;background:rgba(14,159,154,.1)}
.highlights .delta.neutral{color:var(--muted);background:rgba(107,116,131,.1)}

/* ---------------- sections ---------------- */
.section{padding-top:64px;padding-bottom:26px;scroll-margin-top:20px}
.band{background:linear-gradient(180deg,#f6f8fc,#f3f5fb);margin-top:52px;padding-bottom:60px}
h2{
  font-family:"Space Grotesk","Noto Sans TC",sans-serif;font-size:34px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.02em;
  text-align:center;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:30px;color:var(--ink)
}
h2::after{content:"";display:block;width:56px;height:4px;border-radius:4px;margin:14px auto 0;background:var(--grad)}
h3{font-family:"Space Grotesk","Noto Sans TC",sans-serif;font-size:22px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.01em;line-height:1.3;color:var(--ink)}
.section p{font-size:17px;line-height:1.8;color:var(--text)}
#abstract p{text-align:justify}
.section-intro{max-width:860px;margin:-10px auto 0;text-align:center}
figcaption,.figure-note{font-size:14px;line-height:1.65;color:var(--muted);text-align:center;margin-top:12px}
figcaption{max-width:860px;margin-inline:auto}
.section .figure-note{font-size:13px;margin-top:12px}

/* method */
.method-figure>a{display:block;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;overflow:hidden;background:#fff}
.method-figure img{width:100%}
.steps{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:34px;margin-top:48px}
.step{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:18px;padding:22px;background:#fff;box-shadow:0 10px 30px rgba(20,40,80,.05)}
.step-head{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:18px;margin-bottom:16px}
.step-head>div:nth-child(2){flex:1}
.step-no{
  flex:0 0 auto;width:42px;height:42px;border-radius:12px;display:grid;place-items:center;
  font-family:"Space Grotesk",sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:20px;color:#fff;background:var(--grad)
}
.section .step-head p{font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.65;margin-top:4px;color:var(--muted)}
.eq{
  flex:0 0 auto;font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;font-style:italic;font-size:22px;color:#1d2a44;
  background:var(--grad-soft);border:1px solid #e3e7f3;border-radius:10px;padding:10px 16px;white-space:nowrap
}
.eq sub{font-size:.62em;font-style:normal}
.hat{position:relative;display:inline-block}
.hat::after{content:"^";position:absolute;left:.08em;right:0;top:-.42em;text-align:center;font-style:normal;font-size:.85em}
video.loop{width:100%;border-radius:12px;background:#eef2f6}
.compensation-figure{max-width:620px;margin:44px auto 0}
.compensation-figure img{margin:auto;width:100%;max-width:579px}

/* qualitative */
.carla-strip{margin:0 auto 26px}
.carla-strip video{box-shadow:0 18px 40px rgba(20,40,80,.14)}
.qual-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:22px;align-items:stretch}
.card-title{text-align:center;font-size:18px;margin:4px 0 12px}
.card-figure{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:16px;padding:12px;box-shadow:0 10px 30px rgba(20,40,80,.05)}
.card-figure figcaption{margin-top:10px}
video.carla{width:100%;aspect-ratio:1242/374;object-fit:cover;border-radius:10px;background:#18212a}
.image-compare{position:relative;aspect-ratio:16/9;overflow:hidden;background:#e8e8e8;border-radius:10px;isolation:isolate;touch-action:pan-y}
.image-compare img{width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;object-position:center}
.rear-image{width:100%;height:auto;aspect-ratio:16/9;object-fit:cover;border-radius:10px}
.compare-base,.compare-reveal,.compare-reveal img{position:absolute;inset:0}
.compare-reveal{clip-path:inset(0 calc(100% - var(--split)) 0 0);pointer-events:none}
.compare-divider{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:var(--split);width:2px;transform:translateX(-50%);background:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #24364a40;pointer-events:none;z-index:2}
.compare-divider span{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);width:42px;height:42px;display:grid;place-items:center;background:#fff;color:var(--blue);border:2px solid var(--blue);border-radius:50%;font-size:20px;font-weight:700}
.compare-label{position:absolute;top:12px;z-index:2;background:rgba(27,36,48,.82);color:#fff;padding:6px 11px;border-radius:999px;font-size:12px;pointer-events:none}
.compare-label-left{left:12px}
.compare-label-right{right:12px}
.compare-range{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;margin:0;opacity:0;cursor:ew-resize;z-index:3}
.pill-tabs{display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:6px;margin-top:12px}
.pill-tabs button{border:1px solid #d5dbe6;background:#fff;color:#556070;padding:7px 16px;border-radius:999px;font-size:13.5px}
.pill-tabs button:hover{border-color:#9fb0cf;color:var(--blue)}
.pill-tabs button.active{border-color:transparent;background:var(--grad);color:#fff;font-weight:600}
.example-tabs{margin:0 0 14px}
.example-stage{display:flex;flex-direction:column}
.example-panel>a{display:block;overflow:hidden;border-radius:10px;background:#fff}
.example-panel img{width:100%}

/* quantitative */
.table-scroll{overflow-x:auto;margin:28px 0 30px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:14px}
table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;min-width:720px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;font-size:15px}
caption{caption-side:bottom;text-align:left;font-size:13px;line-height:1.65;color:var(--muted);padding:12px 16px}
th,td{padding:14px 18px;text-align:right;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);white-space:nowrap}
th:first-child{text-align:left}
thead th{font-weight:600;font-size:14px;color:#3f4958;background:#f7f8fb}
thead span{font-weight:400;color:var(--muted)}
tbody th{font-weight:500;color:var(--ink)}
tbody tr:last-child td,tbody tr:last-child th{border-bottom:0}
.ours{background:var(--grad-soft)}
.ours th,.ours td{border-top:1px solid rgba(31,85,200,.25);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(31,85,200,.25)}
.ours th{box-shadow:inset 4px 0 0 var(--blue)}
.ours td{color:var(--ink)}
.ours th{font-weight:700}
.ours strong{color:var(--blue);font-weight:800}
.ours-tag{display:inline-block;margin-left:6px;padding:1px 8px;border-radius:999px;font-size:11px;font-weight:600;color:#fff;background:var(--grad);vertical-align:2px}
.chart-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:22px}
.chart-grid figure{border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:14px;padding:10px;background:#fff}
.chart-grid img{width:100%}
.limitations{max-width:860px;margin:28px auto 0;padding:16px 20px;border-left:3px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;background:var(--grad-soft);font-size:14px;line-height:1.7;color:var(--text);text-align:left}
.limitations b{color:var(--ink)}
.data-links{display:flex;justify-content:center;gap:20px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px}

/* citation */
.citation{padding-bottom:64px}
.bib-box{background:#0f1a2b;border-radius:14px;padding:14px 20px 20px;box-shadow:0 18px 40px rgba(15,26,43,.18)}
.bib-toolbar{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px}
.bib-toolbar button{border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25);background:transparent;color:#dbe6ff;font-size:13px;border-radius:999px;padding:5px 14px}
.bib-toolbar button:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}
#copyStatus{font-size:12px;color:#9fb0cf}
pre{font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;font-size:13px;line-height:1.75;white-space:pre-wrap;overflow-wrap:anywhere;margin:14px 0 0;color:#dfe8f7}
footer{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding:26px 0 34px;text-align:center;font-size:13px;color:#7a8391;line-height:1.7}
.credits{font-size:12px;margin-top:4px}
.credits a{color:#6a7890}
a:focus-visible,button:focus-visible,.table-scroll:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #7c9ef0;outline-offset:3px}

/* TL;DR tag */
.tldr-tag{font-family:"Space Grotesk",sans-serif;margin-right:6px;background:var(--grad);-webkit-background-clip:text;background-clip:text;color:transparent}
.tldr b:not(.tldr-tag){color:var(--ink)}

/* ---------------- rank-1 ratio model (core contribution) ---------------- */
.model{
  margin-top:56px;padding-bottom:72px;color:#c9d5ea;
  background:
    radial-gradient(60% 50% at 15% 0%,rgba(31,85,200,.35),transparent 70%),
    radial-gradient(50% 45% at 90% 20%,rgba(124,58,237,.30),transparent 70%),
    radial-gradient(45% 40% at 60% 100%,rgba(14,159,154,.22),transparent 70%),
    #0c1526
}
.model+.band{margin-top:0}
.model h2{color:#fff}
.model h3{color:#fff;font-size:21px;margin-bottom:10px}
.model h4{margin:0 0 6px;font-family:"Space Grotesk","Noto Sans TC",sans-serif;font-size:18px;color:#fff}
.section.model p{color:#c9d5ea;font-size:16px;line-height:1.75}
.model a{color:#9cc3ff}
.eyebrow{text-align:center;margin-bottom:6px}
.eyebrow span{display:inline-block;padding:5px 14px;border-radius:999px;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#bfe9e5;border:1px solid rgba(143,224,214,.45);background:rgba(14,159,154,.12)}
.section.model .model-lead{max-width:860px;margin:-6px auto 36px;text-align:center;font-size:17.5px;color:#dbe5f5}
.model-card{background:#fff;border-radius:14px;padding:10px;box-shadow:0 18px 40px rgba(0,0,0,.28)}
.model-card img{width:100%}
.model-card figcaption{color:#5d6878;font-size:13px;margin-top:8px}
.model .eq{background:rgba(255,255,255,.07);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);color:#fff;font-size:19px;display:inline-block;margin-top:8px;white-space:normal}
.model .eq-big{font-size:24px;padding:12px 20px;margin:4px 0 12px}
.why-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.15fr .85fr;gap:30px;align-items:center}
.build-steps{list-style:none;margin:44px 0 0;padding:0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:14px}
.build-steps li{position:relative;padding:20px 18px 18px;border-radius:16px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.05);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12)}
.build-steps .eq{font-size:16px;padding:8px 12px}
.section.model .build-steps p{font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.65;margin:0}
.build-no{display:block;margin-bottom:10px;font-family:"Space Grotesk",sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.08em;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#8fb4ff,#c4a2ff,#8fe0d6);-webkit-background-clip:text;background-clip:text;color:transparent}
.model-eq{margin:40px auto 34px;max-width:900px;padding:26px 24px 20px;border-radius:20px;text-align:center;background:rgba(255,255,255,.06);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,.03),0 20px 50px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}
.eq-hero{font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;font-style:italic;font-size:clamp(24px,3.4vw,38px);color:#fff;line-height:1.4}
.eq-hero sub{font-size:.6em;font-style:normal}
.eq-hero .t{padding:0 .12em;border-radius:6px}
.t1{color:#8fe0d6}.t2{color:#c4a2ff}.t3{color:#8fb4ff}
.eq-legend{display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;margin-top:14px}
.eq-legend>span{display:inline-flex;align-items:baseline;gap:8px;padding:6px 14px;border-radius:999px;font-size:13px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.06)}
.eq-legend b{font-weight:600}
.eq-legend .l1{border:1px solid rgba(143,224,214,.5)}.eq-legend .l1 b{color:#8fe0d6}
.eq-legend .l2{border:1px solid rgba(196,162,255,.5)}.eq-legend .l2 b{color:#c4a2ff}
.eq-legend .l3{border:1px solid rgba(143,180,255,.5)}.eq-legend .l3 b{color:#8fb4ff}
.eq-legend span span{color:#c9d5ea;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-style:italic}
.fig5{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px}
.section.model .model-note{max-width:860px;margin:16px auto 0;text-align:center;font-size:15px}
.energy-wrap{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:18px;margin:40px 0 36px}
.energy,.infer{padding:24px;border-radius:18px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.05);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12)}
.energy-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:78px 1fr 68px;align-items:center;gap:12px;margin:12px 0}
.energy-row .cls{font-weight:600;color:#fff;font-size:14px}
.energy-row .bar{height:12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.1);overflow:hidden}
.energy-row .bar i{display:block;height:100%;width:var(--v);border-radius:999px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#1f55c8,#7c3aed,#0e9f9a)}
.energy-row b{text-align:right;color:#fff;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;font-size:15px}
.section.model .energy-note{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.6;margin:10px 0 0;color:#9fb0cf}
.model .compensation-figure{max-width:640px;margin:0 auto}

/* ---------------- condensed layout ---------------- */
.loops{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:26px}
.loop-card{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:16px;padding:10px;box-shadow:0 10px 30px rgba(20,40,80,.05)}
.loop-card video{aspect-ratio:1280/548;object-fit:contain;background:#f3f6fa}
.loop-card figcaption{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:8px 10px;margin-top:10px;font-family:"Space Grotesk","Noto Sans TC",sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:15px;color:var(--ink)}
.loop-card .step-no{width:26px;height:26px;border-radius:8px;font-size:14px}
.loop-card .eq{font-size:15px;padding:4px 10px;font-weight:400}
.flow{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;align-items:center;gap:8px;margin:0 auto 26px}
.flow>span{padding:7px 14px;border-radius:999px;font-size:14px;color:#e6edf9;background:rgba(255,255,255,.07);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16)}
.flow i{font-style:normal;color:#8fb4ff}
.model .model-eq{margin:0 auto 26px}
.facts{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:14px;margin-top:26px}
.facts>div{padding:18px;border-radius:16px;text-align:center;background:rgba(255,255,255,.05);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12)}
.facts strong{display:block;font-family:"Space Grotesk",sans-serif;font-size:36px;line-height:1.1;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#8fb4ff,#c4a2ff,#8fe0d6);-webkit-background-clip:text;background-clip:text;color:transparent}
.facts span{display:block;margin-top:4px;font-size:14px;color:#c9d5ea;line-height:1.5}
.facts small{font-size:12px;color:#9fb0cf}
.model{padding-bottom:60px}
.chart-grid.three{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-bottom:22px}
.chart-grid.three figure{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:space-between}
.chart-grid.three figcaption{margin-top:6px;font-size:13px}
#results .qual-grid{margin-top:6px}
#results .figure-note{margin-top:14px}

@media(max-width:820px){
  .loops,.chart-grid.three,.facts{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .why-grid,.energy-wrap{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .build-steps{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}
  .qual-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .step-head{flex-wrap:wrap}
  .eq{order:3;margin-left:60px}
}
@media(max-width:700px){
  .build-steps,.fig5{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .model .eq-big{font-size:20px}
  .shell,.narrow{width:calc(100% - 32px)}
  .hero{padding-top:58px}
  .authors{font-size:16px;gap:4px 16px}
  .affiliations{font-size:13px}
  .tldr{font-size:16px}
  .highlights{gap:8px}
  .highlights strong{font-size:28px}
  .highlights span{font-size:12px}
  .section{padding-top:48px}
  h2{font-size:28px}
  .section p{font-size:16px}
  #abstract p{text-align:left}
  .step{padding:16px}
  .eq{margin-left:0;font-size:19px;white-space:normal}
  .chart-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}
  .method-figure>a{overflow-x:auto}
  .method-figure img{min-width:860px;max-width:none}
}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){
  html{scroll-behavior:auto}
  .resource{transition:none}
}